Fight for Basic Islamic State

Mohammad Natsir (1908-1993)

Mohammad Natsir, reliable Islamic politicians who firmly to the principles and ideals. Male birth Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, July 17, 1908, this after the elections in 1955 led Masyumi, which is a combination of Islamic parties in the Constituent Assembly, which is seriously fighting for Islam as the basis of the state.

He struggled to establish Islam as the basis of the state through democratic principles. Although, his struggle was not accepted among the nationalist and socialist at the time, so that the Constituent Assembly fails to establish the Constitution, which ended with the Presidential Decree on July 5, 1955 which, among other states and return to dissolve the Constituent Assembly 1945.

Since then, the political differences between the M Natsir and President Soekarno (Bung Karno) farther away. Even Masyumi was abolished in 1960. Similarly, after President Suharto replaced Sukarno (Pak Harto), not how long M. Natsir eventually also disagreed with the leader of the New Order.

M Natsir with friends His Partner in Masyumi, after the party was disbanded, remains firmly in the establishment, always wanted to establish Masyumi and fight for Islam as the basis of the state. But because of the opportunity to revive Masyumi never opened, so they founded the Council of Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII). In this DDII M. Natsir and friends submissive, until M Natsir died in Jakarta on February 6, 1993, at the age of 84 years.

National Heroes

Prior to leading the party in the Constituent Masyumi, M. Natsir has served as Prime Minister of Indonesia 5, a term of 5 September 1950 - April 26, 1951, replacing Abdul Halim and then replaced Sukiman Wirjosandjojo.

M. Natsir also briefly served as Minister of Information. Although already serving ministers and the Prime Minister, he remains humble life. Even still did not hesitate to wear the patch. At the newly appointed Prime Minister, he lived in an alley, so Idit Djunaedi presented at Tjokroaminoto home. He also refused a gift from the baron Chevy Impala. And, the only government official, who returned from the Palace of the free ride bike driver, after submitting the prime minister to President Soekarno.1)

While serving Prime Minister, Cabinet M. Natsir managed to play free and active foreign policy adopted since the beginning of Indonesia's independence. In the era of the Cabinet of M. Indonesia Natsir accepted into the UN.

M Natsir also contribute to the struggle in the early days of independence. For his accomplishments, the President, through Presidential Decree No. 41/TK/Tahun 2008, set M. Natsir as a National Hero, to coincide at the Heroes Day commemoration on 10 November 2008, and together with the 100 years commemoration of M. Natsir.

Mohammad Natsir was the son of a government official on Long Alahan. His grandfather had a scholar. As a child, Natsir be lucky to learn in HIS Solok and Islamic religious school, led by the followers of Haji Apostles. In those days little children a chance at HIS school. Even years to get a scholarship for the 1923-1927 school Natsir in MULO. After that went back to the AMS Bandung and graduated in 1930.

During his school in Bandung AMS, Natsir interact with the national movement activists, among others Syafruddin Prawiranegara, Mohammad Roem and Sutan Syahrir. In 1932, Natsir sit under Ahmad Hassan, who later became leaders of Islamic organizations Exactly. 2) ti / ch. robin Simanullang

TokohIndonesia.Com (Encyclopedia of People of Indonesia)

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Autumn persecuted G-30-S/PKI

Sutoyo Siswomiharjo (1922-1965)

Major-General TNI Sutoyo Siswomiharjo posthumously awarded as revolutionary heroes. Former IRKEHAD Kebumen birth, August 23, 1922, was killed at Crocodile Hole, Jakarta, October 1, 1965 as a victim in the event of 30 September Movement / PKI.

Army Lt. Gen. Agus Widjojo his father was buried in the TMP Kalibata, Jakarta.

Sutoyo Siswomiharjo HIS taste education and AMS in Semarang. Then continued his studies at the Institute for Civil Education in Jakarta. Before becoming a soldier, served as an Officer Sutoyo Medium / III in Purworejo district.

Duties as a military struggle for independence began when in 1945. Sutoyo Regiment Organization Head II PT (U.S. Army) Purworejo with the rank of Captain (1946). Later became Chief of Staff CPMD Yogyakarta (1948-1949). In 1950 Major Sutoyo I served as Battalion Commander of CPMs and CPM V Danyon 1951.

Then in 1954 served as Chief of Staff MBPM until the end of 1954. Starting in 1955 as Pamen seconded SUAD I with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel by the year 1956. Since this year was appointed Assistant ATMIL in London. Once back in the homeland and the completion of education course "C" courses there in 1960. In 1961 was promoted to colonel and served as IRKEHAD. In the year 1964 is upgraded to the rank of Brigadier General.

Toward the rebellion G 30 S / PKI, which turned out to kidnap and kill him, Mr. Toyo, call familiar, experienced some things that felt uncomfortable as the hot air even though air conditioned space. But in the midst of feeling uncomfortable, he ordered to make Armed Forces Day commemoration plans October 5, 1965 to his aides carefully.

Hunch that proved to 04:00 hours on October 1st Army Brig Sutoyo kidnapped and murdered by a mob G 30 S / PKI. As for the charge of kidnap gangs Sutoyo Siswomiharjo Brigadier General, led by Sergeant Major of Men Cakrabirawa Surono with strength 1 (one) platoon. With bayonets robbery, they asked the waitress to hand over the key door to the middle room. After the door was opened by Brigadier General Sutoyo, the PFC Sumardi pratu Suyadi and went into the house, they said that Brigadier General Sutoyo called by the President.

Both men were carrying Brigadier General Sutoyo out of the house to the yard door delivered at Serda Sudibyo. Flanked by Serda Sudibyo and Pratu Sumardi, Brigadier General Sutoyo walked out the yard next to leave the place to be brought to the Crocodile Hole, persecuted fall outside the bounds of humanity by the band of G 30 S / PKI. (Source: Mabesad) e-ti

TokohIndonesia Dotcom (Encyclopedia of People of Indonesia)

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First Prime Minister of Indonesia

Sutan Syahrir (1909-1966)

Sutan Syahrir (Soetan Syahrir) was the First Prime Minister of the Republic of Indonesia (November 14, 1945 until June 20, 1947). Men born in Padang Panjang, West Sumatra, March 5, 1909, was a politician who founded the Indonesian Socialist Party (1948). He died in exile as a political prisoner (Zürich, Switzerland, 9 April 1966) at the age of 57 years.

Husband of Mary Duchateau, and Poppy, is completing primary school (ELS) and secondary (MULO) the best in Medan in 1926. Since adolescence, he was fond of foreign books and novels Netherlands. Also enjoys the arts, where sometimes he Sing a song on street at the Hotel de Boer, exclusively for hotel guests whites.

After being graduated from MULO, he entered high school (AMS) in Bandung. In this school, his artistic talents developed further after he joined the Theatre Association of Indonesian Students (Batovis). Here, he acted as director, screenwriter, and actor.

Results obtained from the staging was used to finance the school that she founded, Tjahja Volksuniversiteit, Light University of the People.

Not surprisingly, among students AMS Bandung, Syahrir become a star. He is a student who is very busy with books, both active in various art activities and debate club at his school. Even he still spend time in literacy education activities free of charge for children from families unable to in Tjahja Volksuniversiteit.

Syahrir then began to enter the world that leads to so political. On February 20, 1927, one out of ten people Syahrir the originator of the establishment of a nationalist youth association, Jong Indonesie, which later changed its name so the Youth of Indonesia. This society became the motor organization of the Indonesian Youth Congress which sparked the Youth Pledge in 1928.

Still time to learn as middle school students, Syahrir also been active as a magazine editor in chief nationalist youth association. As Chief Editor, Syahrir often wanted by the police because it contains news PKI rebellion in 1926.

AMS finish, Syahrir continuing education to the Faculty of Law, University of Amsterdam, Leiden, The Netherlands. There, he studied the theories of socialism. He is familiar with Salomon Bags, Chairman of the Social Democratic Students Club, and his wife Maria Duchateau, who later married Syahrir. Mary's marriage with only briefly. Syahrir later remarried with Poppy, the oldest brother of Soedjatmoko and Miriam Boediardjo.

For the more familiar world of the proletariat and its movement organizations, Syahrir also worked in the Secretariat of the International Transport Workers Federation. In addition, Syahrir also active in the Association of Indonesia (PI) which was then headed by Mohammad Hatta.

Late in 1931, Syahrir return to homeland and engage in the national movement. He joined the organization's National Education of Indonesia (PNI Baru), which later in June 1932 lead. He also practiced in the homeland of the world proletariat. He plunged in the labor movement. Also write about labor much in Daulat Rakyat. Also often speak about movement of labor in political forums. Then, in May 1933, Syahrir was asked to be Chairman of Indonesian Workers Congress.

Hatta, following the return to homeland in August 1932. Hatta appeared to lead the New PNI together Syahrir. The organization is successfully scored movement cadres. Even the Dutch colonial administration rate, Hatta and Syahrir political movement in the New PNI's movement was more radical than his Soekarno with PNI that rely on mass mobilization. According to the colonial police, the New PNI is equivalent to Western organizations. Although no mass action and agitation, but the intelligent, successful in educating the cadres of the movement is ready to move toward revolutionary goals.

Thus, in February 1934, the Dutch colonial government imprisoned and discard Syahrirdan Hatta, as well as several leaders of the New PNI to Boven Digul. After nearly a year and Hatta Syahrir moved to Banda Neira, here they go through the Babylonian exile for six years.

The period of Japanese occupation

Meanwhile, Sukarno and Hatta in cooperation with Japan, Syahrir build an underground network of anti-fascist. Syahrir believe Japan could not win the war, therefore, the movement must prepare itself to win independence at the right time. Network nodes of the underground group is Syahrir New PNI cadres will continue their movement and the young cadres of progressive students.

Literature, a senior figure of the labor movement who are familiar with Syahrir, wrote: "Under the leadership Syahrir, we went underground, to develop subjective strength, while awaiting the arrival of the development of objective circumstances and psychological moments to seize power and independence."

Objective situation was even more clearly when the Japanese increasingly pressured by the Allied forces. Syahrir know the progress of World War surreptitious way to listen to news from foreign radio stations. At that time, all radios can not capture foreign news because it was sealed by the Japanese. The news is then he gave to Hatta. While that, Syahrir preparing an underground movement to seize power from the hands of the Japanese.

Syahrir who supported the youth urged Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim independence on August 15 because the Japanese had surrendered, Syahrir ready with an underground movement to mass rallies seizure of power as a symbol of popular support. Sukarno and Hatta, who has not received the news of Japan's surrender, did not respond positively. They are awaiting information from the Japanese side in Indonesia, and the proclamation by the decision must comply with the procedures of the Preparatory Committee of Indonesian Independence (PPKI) established by the Japanese. PPKI according to plan, the independence will be proclaimed on 24 September 1945.

Sukarno and Hatta's attitude is disappointing for young people, because this attitude of independence risk assessed as a gift of Japan and the Republic is a Japanese creation. Urging tougher, the youth was kidnapped Sukarno and Hatta on August 16. Finally, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17.

Indonesian National Revolution

Revolution creates an atmosphere of anger and fear, because it is difficult to think clearly. So that very few people who have a convincing concept and strategic steps to control the uproar of the revolution. At that time, there are two people with the popular thinking among the fighters then adopted many of the republic: Tan Malaka and Sutan Syahrir. Two leaders of independence movement which was considered sterile from the taint of collaboration with the Fascist Government of Japan, although later opposed the road in memperjuangan sovereignty of the republic.

At that critical time, man Syahrir Struggle We write. A map of the problem within minutes of the Indonesian revolution, both political-economic analysis of the world after World War II. Be Heroes We came jerking consciousness. Treatise is like a guide and a map to steer the ship of the Republic of Indonesia in the storm of revolution.

Syahrir writings in Our Struggle, making him look the opposite, and attack the Sukarno. If Sukarno is very obsessed with unity, Syahrir actually wrote, "Each union will only be tactical, temporary, and therefore incidental. Attempts to unify by force, only to produce children transvestite. Union of that kind is going to hurt, lost, and damage the movement. "

And he has denounced Sukarno. "Nationalism is Soekarno built on solidarity, hierarchical, feudalistic: fascism actually is, the greatest enemy of progress of the world and our people." He also mocked the Soekarno-style mass agitation which he could not bring clarity.

Our Struggle is the greatest work Syahrir, said Salomon Bags, along with the letters during his political exile in Boven Digul and Bandaneira. The manuscript was called Indonesianis Ben Anderson as, "The only systematic attempt to analyze the domestic and international forces that hamper Indonesia and that gives the perspective that makes sense for the independence movement in the future."

Proved later, on November 45 Syahrir supported Sukarno appointed youth and became a parliamentary cabinet formation. At the age of 36 years, begin play in the stage Syahrir fight for the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, as the world's youngest Prime Minister, concurrently Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of the Interior.

Abduction

The kidnapping of the Prime Minister Sjahrir is an event that occurred on June 26, 1946 in Surakarta by the opposition Union of Struggle are not satisfied with the diplomacy conducted by the Cabinet Sjahrir II with the Dutch government. This group wanted the recognition of full sovereignty, while the cabinet of the ruling only requires the recognition of sovereignty over Java and Madura.

Struggle Unity group is led by Maj. Gen. Soedarsono and 14 civilian leaders, including Tan Malaka of the Indonesian Communist Party. Prime Minister Sjahrir arrested at a house in Paras.

President Soekarno was angry over this and ordered the kidnappings of Surakarta Police arrested the leaders of these groups. Date July 1, 1946, the 14 leaders were arrested and thrown in jail Wirogunan.

Date July 2, 1946, 3rd Division troops led by Maj. Gen. Soedarsono Wirogunan stormed a prison and freed 14 kidnap leader.

President Soekarno was angry to hear the raid prison and ordered Lieutenant Colonel Suharto, the leader of the military in Surakarta, to capture the leadership of Major General Soedarsono and kidnapping. Lt. Kol. Suharto refused orders because he did not want to catch the director or his own superiors. He only wanted to capture the rebels if there was a direct order from the Military Chief of Staff, General Sudirman. President Soekarno was angry over this rejection and dub Fl. Kol. Soeharto as headstrong officer (koppig).

Let future. Kol. Suharto became President Soeharto and publish the records of the events of this rebellion in his autobiography book Speech, Thoughts and Actions.

Lt. Kol. Soeharto pretended to sympathize with the rebellion and offer protection to Maj. Soedarsono and led to 14 people at the headquarters of the army regiments in Wijoro. Lt. evening. Kol. Soedarsono and Maj. Gen. Suharto to persuade rebel leaders to meet the President at the Presidential Palace in Yogyakarta. In secrecy, Fl. Kol. Suharto also contacted the army guards the President and inform plans and the arrival of rebel leader Major General Soedarsono.

Dated July 3, 1946, Major General Soedarsono and the rebels successfully disarmed and arrested near the Presidential Palace in Yogyakarta by presidential guard troops. This event was then known as the July 3, 1946 revolt that failed.

Diplomacy Syahrir

After the kidnapping incident Syahrir only served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, the task as Prime Minister took over President Sukarno. However, on October 2, 1946, the President appoint as Prime Minister again Syahrir to resume talks that eventually destined signed on November 15, 1946.

Without Syahrir, Sukarno can burn in a lake of fire which he lit. Conversely, it is hard indisputable that without the Bung Karno, Syahrir helpless nothing.

Syahrir acknowledged leader Sukarno was recognized people's republic. Sukarno was unifying the nation of Indonesia. Because agitasinya the surge, the people in the former Dutch East Indies territories support the revolution. Nevertheless, the power giant has been enabled Sukarno should be dammed to then directed correctly, so that energy does not overflow and destroy it.

Bung Hatta as the argument that the revolution must be controlled; could not have walked too long revolution, a revolution that shook the 'joints' and 'wedge' of society if not controlled it will destroy all the 'building'.

In order for the Republic of Indonesia does not collapse and cause of the people did not show the face of violent, Syahrir run its trick. In government, as chairman of the Working Committee of the Central Indonesian National Committee (BP KNIP), he became the architect of a presidential Cabinet changes Parliamentary Cabinet responsible to KNIP as an institution that has a legislative function. RI also adopted a multiparty system. Structure of the administration in conformity with the political currents of post-World War II, the victory of democracy over fascism. To the masses, Syahrir always called for human values and anti-violence.

With this strategies, Syahrir show to the international world that the revolution of the Republic of Indonesia is the struggle of a civilized and democratic nation in the midst of awakening of nations to escape from the clutches of colonialism in post-World War II. The Dutch often make propaganda that people in Indonesia is a brutal gang, like killing, robbing, kidnapping, etc.. Because it is valid for the Netherlands, through NICA, upholding the social order as the condition of the Dutch East Indies before World War II. Propaganda break it, Syahrir initiate art exhibition which was then covered and publicized by journalists overseas.

There is a story about the personal consequences Syahrir attitude of anti-violence. At the end of December 1946, Prime Minister Syahrir intercepted and a pistol mugged by soldiers NICA. When the soldier pulled the trigger, the gun jammed. Because growled, to beat Syahrir with the butt of a pistol. The news then spread through the Radio Republic Indonesia. At that, Syahrir with swollen eyes turn blue giving a strong warning to the broadcast stopped, could cause a fatal impact of the Dutch people murdered in the camps by fighters of the republic, when he knew the leader was beaten.

Despite falling-up due to various opposition among his own nation, the Cabinet Sjahrir I, II Sjahrir Cabinet to Cabinet Sjahrir III (1945 to 1947) consistently fighting for the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia through diplomatic channels. Syahrir not want silly faces in terms of allied soldier who was obviously much more sophisticated weaponry. Temporary victory of diplomacy and then bear fruit. England as the allies of command for Southeast Asia urged the Netherlands to sit down to negotiate with the government of the republic. Politically, this means a de facto ally of the government acknowledge the existence of RI.

Diperkeruh diplomacy winding road with the Dutch military action strikes on July 21, 1947. The Dutch action was actually brought Indonesia to the forum of the United Nations (UN). After no longer served as Prime Minister (Cabinet Sjahrir III), Syahrir Indonesia sent a representative to the United Nations. With the help of Biju Patnaik, Syahrir with Agus Salim went to Lake Success, New York via New Delhi and Cairo to garner support for India and Egypt.

On August 14, 1947 Syahrir speech in front of the UN Security Council session. Faced with the representatives of nations worldwide, Syahrir parse Indonesia as a nation that for centuries civilized script then exploited by the colonial powers. Then, in a masterful Syahrir break one by one argument that has been conveyed Dutch representative, Van Kleffens. With that, Indonesia had taken a position as a nation that memperjuangan sovereignty in the international arena. The UN had intervened, so that the Dutch failed to sustain its efforts to make Indonesian-Dutch dispute as a matter of purely domestic affairs.

Van Kleffens failing to bring the Dutch interests in the UN Security Council session. Dutch various circles that the failure rate as the defeat of an eminent diplomat with experience in the international arena with a young diplomat from the country that had just been born. Van Kleffens was withdrawn from the position as the Dutch representative at the United Nations became the Dutch ambassador in Turkey.

Syahrir popular among the journalists who covered the UN Security Council session, especially journalists who are in Indonesia during the revolution. Several newspapers have named as The Smiling Diplomat Syahrir.

Syahrir represent Indonesia at the UN during the first month, in two trials. Leadership of the Indonesian delegation subsequently represented by the Lambertus Nicodemus Palar (LN) Palar until the year 1950. [1]

Socialist Party of Indonesia

After leading the cabinet, Sutan Syahrir appointed as advisor of President Soekarno once Ambassador at Large. In 1948 Syahrir founded the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) as the party alternative to the other party that grew out of the international communist movement. Although the PSI and the left-wing base on the teachings of Marx-Engels, but he opposed the Soviet state system. According to the understanding of socialism is to uphold the degree of humanity, recognizing and respecting every human equality.

Hobbies Aeronautics and Music

Despite small stature, who by his friends often nicknamed Si Kancil, Sutan Syahrir is one of sport aviation enthusiasts, a small plane had flown from Jakarta to Yogyakarta on the occasion of the visit to Yogyakarta. They are also delighted with classical music, where he also could play the violin.

Death bed

1955 PSI failed to collect the votes in the first general election in Indonesia. After the case PRRI and PSI in 1958 [2], the relationship Sutan Syahrir and President Soekarno worse until the PSI finally abolished in 1960. In 1962, Syahrir arrested and imprisoned without trial until 1965 until suffering a stroke. After that Syahrir allowed to go to Zurich Switzerland, one of his close friend who has served as vice chairman of PSI Sugondo Djojopuspito he delivers in Kemayoran airport and hugged Sugondo Syahrir degan tears, and eventually died in Switzerland on April 9, 1966. (Source: Wikipedia)

Reference

^ Sinar Harapan Online, August 24, 2005, response to Bung Marzuki Usman (1), Poor Nation thanks Clever?

^ Robert Cribb, Audrey Kahin Historical Dictionary of Indonesia, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1992

Reading reference

Legge, J.D. The Intellectuals and the Struggle for Independence. Role Sjahrir Group. Jakarta, Pustaka Utama Grafiti, 1993.

Past and Coming. Mohammad Hatta's speech on receiving a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Gadjah Mada University, 1956

Studies, Y.B. Sutan Sjahrir Dilemma: Between Thinkers and politicians. Prisma, August 1977.

Commemorating Sjahrir, edited by H. Rosihan Anwar. Jakarta, Gramedia, 1980.

Rudolf Mrazek. Sjahrir: Politics and Exile in Indonesia. Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1996.

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Three Cabinet Ministers of Religion

KH Wahid Hasjim (1914-1953)

Kiai Haji Abdul Wahid Hasjim is a national hero, a member BPUPKI and formulator of Pancasila. Son KH. M. Hashim Ash'ari, the founder of the NU, was born in Jombang, East Java, June 1, 1914 and died in Cimahi, West Java, 19 April 1953 at the age of 38 years. Abdurrahman Wahid, his father was appointed Minister of Religious three cabinet (Hatta Cabinet, Cabinet and Cabinet Natsir Sukiman).

Former Chairman of Tanfidiyyah NU (1948) and the leader and the second caregiver Tebuireng Pesantren (1947-1950), was a reformist Islamic education and Islamic education Indonesia. He is also known as the founder of the IAIN (now UIN).

In 1939, he participated as a member of NU MIAI (Ala Indonesian Islamic Council), an organ of the party and the federation of Islamic organizations in the era of Dutch occupation. On October 24, 1943 he was elected Chairman of the Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims (Masyumi) an organization replaces MIAI.

As leader of the Line of Masyumi he pioneered the establishment of an active Hezbollah helps Muslims realize the independence struggle. In 1944, she co-founded the Islamic High School (UIN) in Jakarta that parenting is handled by KH. A. Kahar Muzakkir. In 1945 he became a member BPUPKI and PPKI.

Wahid Hasjim died in a car accident in Cimahi April 19, 1953.

Bail Science

Hasjim Wahid was born from the fruit of love KH. M. Hashim-Ash'ari Nyai Nafiqah Kiai bint Ilyas (Madison) on Friday morning legi, 5 Awwal 1333 AH / June 1, 1914 AD His father initially gave him the name Muhammad Ash'ari, taken from the name of his grandfather. However, its name was changed to Abdul Wahid, was taken from a datuknya. He was the fifth child and first boy of 10 siblings.

His childhood is filled with parenting in Madrasah Tebuireng to USI 12 years. Since little has been active hobbies are reading and studying the sciences and culture kesustraan outodidak Arabic. He knows a lot of Arab poetry which was then compiled into a book.

At the age of 13 years, he had learned in Islamic boarding  House and Siwalan, Panji, Sidoarjo, during the 25 days, from the beginning of Ramadan until the 25th of Ramadan. Then it moved to boarding school Lirboyo, Kediri, a boarding school founded by KH. Abdul Karim, a friend and once his father's pupil.

Then, at the age of 15 years, he returned to Tebuireng and new to the Latin alphabet. Once familiar with the Latin alphabet, the spirit of learning increases. He studied earth science, foreign languages, mathematics, etc.. Also avid reader of newspapers and magazines, both Indonesian and Arabic-speaking.

He began to learn Arabic and Dutch when subscribing three languages, "Sources of Knowledge" Bandung. After that study English.

When he was only 18 years old, in 1932, Abdul Wahid went into the holy land of Mecca along with his cousin, Muhammad Ilyas. They both, in addition to running the pilgrimage, as well as deepen their knowledge nahwu, shorof, Fiqh, Tafseer and Hadith. He settled in the holy land during the two years.

Breakthrough Schools Curriculum

Returning from the holy land, he helped his father taught at the seminary. Also actively plunged into the midst of society. At the age of stepping on the 20s years, Kiai Wahid had helped his father arrange boarding school curriculum, wrote a reply letter from the scholars of his father's name in Arabic, represents the father in meetings with leaders.

In fact, as written in her profile on the website Pesantren Tebuireng - http://pesantren.tebuireng.net/?pilih=news&mod=yes&aksi=lihat&id=35 - when his father was sick, Abdul Wahid has replaced reading Sahih Bukhari, which is an annual study attended by scholars from various parts of Java and Madura.

He also made major breakthroughs in Tebuireng. He proposes to change the classical system with the tutorial system, and incorporates the general subject matter to a boarding school. However, this proposal was rejected by his father, for fear of causing problems among the leadership of the pesantren. But later in the year 1935, proposals regarding the establishment of Madrasah Nidzamiyah, where 70 percent of the curriculum contains a general subject matter, accepted by the father.

In 1936, Kiai Wahid founded the Islamic Students Association. He also established libraries (Library Tebuireng) which provides more than a thousand titles of books. These libraries also subscribe to magazines such as Panji Islam, the Islamic Council, NU News, Fair, Nurul Iman, Spreader Morale, Panji Pustaka, New Doctor, and others. This is the first breakthrough by any boarding schools in Indonesia.

Then, she married Munawaroh (better known as Sholichah), daughter of KH. Bisyri Sansuri (Denanyar Jombang) on Friday, 10 Syawal 1356 H./1936 M. At this wedding procession, he just left alone to Denanyar with only wear short-sleeved shirt and gloves. Not because no one wants to take, but he himself had left the entourage behind.

Wahid-Sholichah blessed marriage six sons and daughters, namely Abdurahman, Ayesha, Salahuddin, Umar, Lily Khodijah, and Muhammad Hashim.

Nine years later, in 1947, his father KH. M. Hashim Ash'ari meningal world. Kiai Wahid was elected by acclamation as a nanny Tebuireng replace his father. This choice is based on the agreement and the Banu Hashim family council of Ulama NU Jombang.

Sign NU and Establishes Masyumi

In the midst of busy managing Tebuireng, Kiai Wahid actively take charge of the NU. Starting a Branch Secretary Cukir NU, and then elected as Chairman of the Branch NU Jombang, 1938 and the NU Board Ma'arif (education), 1940. He is actively developing and reorganizing NU madrassas across Indonesia. He published Suluh NU Magazine and also writes in the voice of NU and NU News.

Then in 1946, Kiai Wahid was elected as Chairman of the NU Tanfidiyyah Shiddiq replace Kiai Ahmad who died.

In November 1947, with M. Wahid Hasyim Natsir pioneered the implementation of Indonesian Muslims Congress which was held in Jogjakarta. The congress decided the establishment of Consultative Council of Indonesian Muslims (Masyumi), as the only Islamic political party in Indonesia. Chairman of the general is his own father, Kiai Hasyim Ash'ari. But Kiai Hasyim delegated all duties to Wahid Hasyim.

In Masyumi affiliated national Islamic figures, such as the KH. Wahab Hasbullah, KH. Good Hadikusumo, KH. Abdul Halim, KH. Ahmad Sanusi, KH. Zainul Arifin, Mohammad Roem, dr. Sukiman, H. Agus Salim, Prawoto Mangkusasmito, Cokroaminoto Anwar, Mohammad Natsir, and others.

Since the early 1950s, NU came out of Masyumi and founded his own party. Kiai Wahid was elected as Chairman of the Party of the NU. This decision was taken in the 19th NU congress in Kilkenny (26-April-May 1, 1952). Personally, Kiai Wahid did not agree NU out of Masyumi. But it has become a joint decision, the Kiai Wahid's honor. Kiai Wahid's relationship with Masyumi figures remain well established.

National Heroes

In 1939, NU went to the Islamic Assembly A'la Indonesia (MIAI), a federation of parties and Islamic organizations in Indonesia. After the entry of NU, the reorganization and that's when Kiai Wahid was elected as chairman MIAI, in Congress on 14-15 September 1940 in Surabaya.

Under the leadership of Kiai Wahid, MIAI making a claim to the Dutch colonial government to revoke the status of Master Ordinance 1925 which severely restrict the activities of religious teachers. Together Gapi (Joint Political Party of Indonesia) and PVPN (Association of Government Employees), MIAI Rakyat Indonesia also formed a committee of Congress who demanded Indonesia National Parliament.

By the outbreak of World War II, the Dutch government requires that donor blood and Indonesia plan to form a civilian militia as preparation for World War. As chairman MIAI, Wahid Hasyim reject that decision.

When the Japanese government formed In Chuuo Sangi, a sort of Japanese Parliament, Kiai Wahid is believed to be members with leaders of other national movements, such as Ir. Soekarno, Dr. Mohammad Hatta, Mr. Sartono, M. Yamin, Ki Dewantara urination, Iskandar Dinata, Dr. Soepomo, and others. Through this position, Kiai Wahid managed to convince Japan to establish an Agency for Religious Affairs Bureau to collect the scholars.

In 1942, the Government of Japan caught Hadratusy Sayeikh Kiai Hasyim Ash'ari and held in Surabaya. Wahid Hasyim trying to free him by political lobbying. The result, in August 1944, Kiai Hasyim Ash'ari released. As compensation, the Government of Japan offered to be chairman Shumubucho, Director of the Department of Religion Center. Kiai Hasyim accept the offer, but for reasons of age and did not want to leave Tebuireng, the duties delegated to Kiai Wahid.

Together with the leaders of national movements (such as Sukarno and Hatta), Wahid Hasyim exploit his position for the preparation of independence. He set up the Ministry of Religious Affairs, and then persuade Japan to give a special military training to the students, and establish an independent public defense. This is the forerunner of the formation of Hezbollah and Sabilillah centurion who, along with PETA, the embryonic emergence of the Indonesian National Army (TNI).

On April 29, 1945, the Japanese government established Zyunbi Dokuritsu Tyooisakai or Business Investigation Agency Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI), and Wahid Hasyim become one of its members. He is the youngest of nine leaders of national leaders who signed the Jakarta Charter, a charter which gave birth to the proclamation and the state constitution. He managed to broker a fierce debate between nationalist faction that wanted a Unitary State, and the Islamic faction that wants a state based on Sharia law. At that time he also became an adviser Great Commander General Sudirman.

In the first cabinet formed by President Sukarno (September 1945), Kiai Wahid was appointed as Minister of State. Similarly, in the Cabinet Sjahrir 1946. When KNIP formed, Wahid Hasyim became one of its members representing Masyumi and rose to become a member BPKNIP 1946.

After the handover of sovereignty of Indonesia and the establishment of the RIS, the Cabinet Hatta 1950 he was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. Office of the Minister of Religious Affairs continued to entrusted to him for three times the cabinet, namely the Cabinet Hatta, Natsir, and Cabinet Sukiman.

While serving as Minister of Religious Affairs, Kiai Wahid issued three decisions that very mepengaruhi Indonesian education system in the present, namely:

1. Issued Government Regulation dated January 20, 1950, which requires education and religious teaching in public school environments, both public and private.

2. Establishing Religious School Teacher and Judge in Malang, Banda Aceh, Bandung, Bukittinggi, and Yogyakarta.

3. Founded the Religious Affairs of Teacher Education (PGAN) in Tanjungpinang, Banda Aceh, Padang, Jakarta, Banjarmasin, Tanjungkarang, Bandung, Pamekasan, and Salatiga.

Other services is the establishment of the Islamic High Schools in Jakarta (1944), which is handled by KH parenting. Kahar Muzakkir. Then in 1950 the university decided the establishment of Islamic Affairs (PTAIN) which has become the IAIN / UIN / STAIN, and founded the Haj Committee of Indonesian container (PHI). Kiai Wahid also provide ideas to President Sukarno to establish the state as a mosque Istiqlal mosque.

In 1950, Kiai Wahid was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs and moved to Jakarta. Kiai Wahid's family lives in Jl. Java (now Jl. Cokroaminoto HOS) No. 112, and then in 1952 moved to Park West Matraman no. 8, near Masjid Jami 'Matraman.

Accidents at Cimindi

That day, Saturday, April 18, 1953, Kiai Wahid planned to go to Sumedang to attend a meeting of the NU. Kiai Wahid, accompanied by three people, namely the driver of the daily scene, Argo Sutjipto colleagues, and his first son, Ad-intimate Abdurrahman (Gus Dur). Kiai Wahid sat in the backseat with Argo Sutjipto. The area around that time Cimahi torrential rain so the road becomes slippery. Traffic was fairly crowded.

At around 13:00, when entering Cimindi, a region between Cimahi-Bandung, the car carrying Kiai Wahid skid and the driver could not control the vehicle. Behind many procession of cars. While from the front, a speeding truck that had stopped when he saw a car zig-zag. Because the Chevrolet car drove fast enough, the rear body of the truck with his hard hitting. When there is conflict, Kiai Wahid and Argo Sutjipto thrown down the truck that had stopped it. Both were badly injured. Kiai Wahid hurt the forehead, eyes, cheeks and neck. While the driver and Gus Dur is not the slightest injury. Only damaged the rear of his car and was still able to walk as before.

Kiai Hasyim and Argo Sutjipto then taken to the Hospital Boromeus Bandung. Since the accident, both unconscious. The next day, Sunday, 19 April 1953 10:30, KH. Abdul Wahid Hasyim was summoned to the presence of God Almighty. the age of 39 years. Several hours later, precisely at 18:00 following the Argo Sutjipto facing the divine. LiLlahi wa Inna Inna ilayhi Raji'un.

Kiai Wahid's body was then taken to Jakarta, then flown to Surabaya, and subsequently brought to Jombang to be buried at a family funeral Tebuireng Pesantren. For his accomplishments he was also awarded the title of National Hero by the government. CRS

TokohIndonesia.Com (Encyclopedia of People of Indonesia)

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Founder of Muhammadiyah

KH Ahmad Dahlan (1868-1923)

Ahmad Dahlan (Muhammad Darwisy small named), is a pioneer and the father of the Islamic renewal. Kyai Haji was born in Yogyakarta, August 1, 1868, this is what the Muhammadiyah organization founded on November 18, 1912. Indonesia National Heroes died at the age of 54 years in Yogyakarta, February 23, 1923.

KH Ahmad Dahlan Muhammadiyah organization established to implement the ideals of the renewal of Islam in the archipelago. He wanted to make a renewal in the way of thinking and work according to Islamic religious guidance. He would like to invite Indonesian Muslims to return to live according to the guidance of the Qur'an and al-Hadith. He established the Muhammadiyah not as a political organization but as a social community and religious organizations engaged in education.

At the time of Ahmad Dahlan threw the idea of establishment of the Muhammadiyah, he got a challenge even slander, accusations and incitement either from a close family member or from the surrounding community. He allegedly wanted to establish a new religion that violates the Islamic religion. There are scholars who accused him of false, because it is imitating a Christian of the Dutch nation and various other charges. There's even people who want to kill him. But the obstacles are faced with a patient. Firmness his heart to continue the ideals and struggles of Islamic renewal in this country can overcome all these obstacles. 1)

For services KH Ahmad Dahlan in raising awareness of this nation through the Islamic renewal and education, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia designated as a National Hero by Presidential Decree no. 657 in 1961. Stipulating as a National Hero was based on four important points: the First, KH Ahmad Dahlan has pioneered the rise of the Islamic Ummah to realize his destiny as a colonized people who still have to learn and do.

Second, with the establishment of the Muhammadiyah organization, has a lot to give the pure teachings of Islam to his people. Subjects who demanded progress, intelligence, and do good for society and ummah, on the basis of faith and Islam. Third, with his organization, Muhammadiyah has pioneered social enterprise and education charity which is essential for the revival and advancement of the nation, with the spirit of Islamic teachings. Fourth, with his organization, the Muhammadiyah women (Aisyiyah) has pioneered the rise of Indonesian women to taste education.

Appointment of Local Schools

Darwisy Muhammad was born from a pioneer family of scholars and the spread and development of Islam in this country. His father, KH Abu Bakr was a leading scholar and preacher at the Great Mosque of Yogyakarta Sultanate, and his mother, Nyai Abu Bakr is the daughter of H. Ibrahim, who also serves Yogyakarta Sultanate rulers at that time.

He was the fourth child of seven brothers, five sisters of women and two men that he himself and his youngest brother. In genealogy, it includes the descendants of the twelfth of Maulana Malik Ibrahim, a mayor of a large and prominent among the Wali Songo, which is the first pioneers of the spread and development of Islam in Java (Kutojo and Safwan, 1991). 2) Idem

The full pedigree is Darwisy Muhammad (Ahmad Dahlan) KH Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Sulaiman ibn KH Murtadla chaplain chaplain Ilyas bin bin bin Kapindo Djuru Djurung Demat Demat Djurung Djuru Sapisan Maulana Sulaiman bin Ki Ageng Gribig (Djatinom), son of Maulana Muhammad Fadlul'llah (Prapen ), son of Maulana 'Ainul Yaqin, son of Maulana Ishaq, the son of Maulana Malik Ibrahim (Jonah Greetings, 1968: 6).

Muhammad Darwisy nurtured since childhood in boarding school environment, which membekalinya knowledge of religion and Arabic. At the age of 15 years (1883), he's pilgrimage, which was then followed by studying religion and Arabic in Makkah for five years. He grew even more intense interaction with the ideas of reformers within the Islamic world, such as Muhammad Abduh, al-Afghani, Rashid Rida, and Ibn Taymiyyah. Interaction with Islamic figures were very influential reformer in spirit, soul and mind Darwisy.

Spirit, soul and ideas that further the accomplishment by displaying the same pattern through Muhammadiyah religious. Aiming to renew religious understanding (to the Islamization) in most of the Islamic world at that time still be orthodox (archaic). Ahmad Dahlan looking at properties that will lead to freezing of orthodox Islamic teachings, as well as stagnation and decadence (retardation), the Islamic ummah. So he looked, the static religious understanding should be modified and updated, with a purification movement or purification of Islam by returning to the teachings of the Koran and al-Hadith.

After five years studying in Mecca, in the year 1888, when aged 20 years, Darwisy returned to his village. He also changed the name to Ahmad Dahlan. Then, he was appointed preacher in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta amen.

In 1902, he pilgrimage for the second time, while continuing to deepen their religious knowledge to a few teachers in Makkah until the year 1904.

Coming home from Mecca, he married Siti Walidah, his own cousin, son of Kyai Haji Fadhil prince. Siti Walidah, later better known by the name of Nyai Ahmad Dahlan, a founder of the National Leaders Aisyiyah. The couple had six children namely Djohanah, Siradj Dahlan, Siti Busyro, Irfan Dahlan, Siti Aisyah, Siti Zaharah (Kutojo and Safwan, 1991).

In addition, KH. Ahmad Dahlan Nyai Abdullah had also married the widow of H. Abdullah. He also never married Nyai Rum, brother of Kyai Munawwir Krapyak. KH. Ahmad Dahlan also has a son from his marriage to Aisha's mother Nyai (Adjengan prince's brother) named Dandanah Cianjur. He has also married to Yasin Pakualaman Nyai Yogyakarta (Jonah Greetings, 1968: 9).

Established Muhammadiyah

Spirit, soul and thoughts of a reformer in the Muslim world, it received from Muhammad 'Abduh, al-Afghani, Rashid Rida, Ibn Taymiyyah and others during the learning of Mecca (1883-1888 and 1902-1904), then the accomplishment by displaying the same religious hue through Muhammadiyah. Aiming to renewed understanding of religion (to the Islamization) in most of the Islamic world at that time still be orthodox (archaic).

Ahmad Dahlan looking at properties that will lead to freezing of orthodox Islamic teachings, as well as stagnation and decadence (retardation), the Islamic ummah. So he looked, the static religious understanding should be modified and updated, with a purification movement or purification of Islam by returning to the teachings of the Koran and al-Hadith.

Dahlan himself realized that spirit reforms will not necessarily be understood and accepted by families and communities. Not easy to do The New on an orthodoxy that has been frozen. So, whether related or not, there is an advice that he wrote in Arabic for himself.

It reads thus: "O Dahlan, was in front of you there is great danger and events that will surprise you, that you shall surely pass. Maybe you could pass through safely, but also perhaps you will perish by it. O Dahlan, try as you imagine if you are alone with God, while you face death, the courts, reckoning, heaven, and hell. And from all that you face it, ponder the closest to you, and leave the other (translated by Djarnawi Hadikusumo).

In an article on the history of the official site of Ahmad Dahlan Parsyarikatan Muhammadiyah (muhammadiyah.or.id), this message is implying a great spirit about the life hereafter. And to achieve a good afterlife, then Dahlan think that everyone should find food for the afterlife with emphasis on worship, good works, broadcast and defend the religion of Allah, and lead the Ummah to the right path and guide them on the charity and the struggle to uphold sentence God.

Thus, to search for supplies to reach a good afterlife must have a collective consciousness, which means that efforts must be invoked (da'wah) to the whole human race through systematic efforts and the collective.

Described in the article, such awareness that is causing setbacks Dahlan feels strongly Muslims in the homeland. This is bothering him. He felt a responsibility to build, mobilize and promote them. Dahlan did not realize that liability may be carried out alone, but must be implemented by a few people who managed carefully. Cooperation between several people it is not possible without the organization. Joiner, parsyarikatan and missionary movement: the Muhammadiyah.

Dahlan also chose a very good strategy to first develop the young generation to participate jointly implement these propaganda efforts, while continuing to promote ideals of this nation. Moreover, he had the opportunity to accelerate and expand the idea of the Muhammadiyah movement's mission to educate the civil service candidates (candidates) who studied at OSVIA Magelang and prospective teachers who studied in Kweekschool Jetis Yogyakarta. Because, he himself was allowed by the colonial government to teach Islam in these two schools.

Of course, the civil service candidates can be expected mengaselerasi and extend these ideas, because they will be people who have a broad influence in society. Similarly, the prospective teachers will soon speed up the process of transforming the idea of missionary movement Muhammadiyah, told his students. Use mengintensifkannya, Dahlan also founded a school teacher who was later known as Madrasah Mu'allimin (Kweekschool Muhammadiyah) and Madrasah Mu'allimat (Kweekschool Wife Muhammadiyah). In this school, Dahlan teach Islam and spreading the ideals of reforms.

Dahlan is known as one who is active in community activities. With brilliant ideas and activities kemasyarakatannya, Dahlan was also easily accepted and respected in the community. Including quickly gain a place in the organization Jam'iyatul Khair, Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, and the Comite Kanjeng Defenders of the Prophet Muhammad.

In 1912, the exact date of 18 November 1912, Ahmad Dahlan Muhammadiyah organization was established to implement the ideals of Islamic renewal. He had a vision untu doing a renewal in the way of thinking and work according to Islamic religious guidance. He would like to invite Indonesian Muslims to return to live according to the guidance of the Qur'an and al-Hadith.

Various challenges he faced in connection with the notion that the establishment of the Muhammadiyah. Even he was accused wanted to establish a new religion that violates the Islamic religion. Kiai false. Until there are also people who want to kill him. But the obstacles are faced with a patient.

Dahlan firm at its founding. On December 20, 1912, he filed an application to the Dutch government to obtain legal entity. A new request was granted in 1914, with the Government Decree No. Letter. 81 dated August 22, 1914. Apparently, there are fears the Dutch government will be the development of this organization. So that the permission applies only to areas of Yogyakarta and the organization was only allowed to move in the Yogyakarta area

However, while Muhammadiyah is limited, but in other areas such as Srandakan, Wonosari, and Imogiri and other places have been established branch of Muhammadiyah. This is clearly contrary to the wishes of Dutch East Indies government. To fix this, then KH. Ahmad Dahlan His Idea to encourage outside Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah branch use another name. For example Nurul Islam in Pekalongan, Ujung Pandang with the name Al-Munir, in Garut with the name of Islam.

While in Solo standing association Sidiq Amanah Fathonah Tabligh (SATF) who got the leadership of Muhammadiyah branch. Even in the city of Yogyakarta itself jama'a and he advocated the teaching associations to organize and run the cause of Islam. Associations and Jama-jama'a is getting guidance from the Muhammadiyah, which of them is the Muslim Brotherhood, Taqwimuddin, Light Young, Hambudi-Holy, Khayatul Qulub, Priya President, Council of Islam, Thaharatul Qulub, Thaharatul-Aba, Ta 'alal awanu Birri, Ta'ruf's bima, u wal-Fajri, Wal-Ashri, Jamiyatul Muslimin, Syahratul Mubtadi (Kutojo and Safwan, 1991: 33).

The idea of renewal of Islam, Muhammadiyah distributed by Ahmad Dahlan by holding tabligh to various cities, as well as through trade relations had. This idea turned out to get a great reception from people in various cities in Indonesia. Scholars from other regions came to him to express support for the Muhammadiyah. Muhammadiyah was increasingly grown almost in all Indonesia. Therefore, on May 7, 1921 Dahlan appealed to the Dutch East Indies government to establish branches throughout the Indonesian Muhammadiyah. This request was granted by the Dutch East Indies government on September 2, 1921.

In the month of October 1922, Ahmad Dahlan led the congressional delegation of Muhammadiyah in Al-Islam in Cirebon. Congress is organized by the Islamic Sarikat (SI) in order to search for new action to consolidate the unity of Islamic ummah. In the congress, Muhammadiyah and the Al-Ershad (Joiner forward-leaning Arab faction under the leadership of Sheikh Ahmad Syurkati) involved a sharp debate with the orthodox Islam of Surabaya and the Holy. Muhammadiyah blamed for attacking the established flow (traditionalist-conservative) and is considered to build new schools outside the four existing schools and well established.

Muhammadiyah is also accused to conduct a new interpretation of the Koran, which according to the orthodox-traditional is prohibited. Responding to the attack, Ahmad Dahlan responded by saying, "Muhammadiyah trying to aspire to lift the Islamic religion from the state terbekelakang. Many adherents of Islam that upholds the interpretation of the scholars of the Qur'an and Hadith. Muslims must return to the Qur'an and Hadith . Must learn directly from the source, and not only through the books of commentary. "

As a democratic movement in carrying out missionary activities of Muhammadiyah, Dahlan also Muhammadiyah members to facilitate the employment evaluation process and selection of leaders in Muhammadiyah. During his life in missionary activity of the Muhammadiyah movement, has held twelve meetings members (once a year), who then used the term Algemeene Vergadering (public hearing).

In addition to rolling the idea of active in da'wah movement Muhammadiyah, he also did not forget his duty as a person who has a responsibility to his family. As one of the royal line which served as the Great Mosque Khatib Yogyakarta, he has a high enough income. He was also involved as an entrepreneur who is quite successful with the batik trade

TokohIndonesia.Com (Encyclopedia of People of Indonesia)

Source:

1) History of KH Ahmad Dahlan

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