Community Wars sex

Dr. Sindhunata

June 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush addressed the cadets at Westpoint Military Academy. He said, "America does not aim to build an empire or the realization of a utopia." Not only on occasion, but on other occasions even Mr Bush stressed repeatedly, the world is nothing to worry about the existence of American imperialism. Listening to American history, the world may be worried that Bush's speech can not be held. Take the example of America's war versus Spain in 1898.

At that time the Cuban national uprising against Spanish colonial rule. Americans see, unrest in the sugar-producing islands that could jeopardize its investment. Americans increasingly feel the need to invade Cuba, because there happens to cruelty and violations of human rights carried out by Spanish colonial authorities. The desire was getting triggered by this event: in February 1898 the battleship USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, resulting in the death of 226 American soldiers. Accusations soon spread: it is a terror blast from the Spanish. New in 1967 revealed, that the allegations were false. The truth, war ships would explode only because of an accident.

The Splendid little war, small wars and beautiful, according to Secretary of State John Hay called it a war. It turned out that the war lasted three months, ending with a total defeat on the part of Spain. Since the defeat of the Spanish eventually also lost power in the Caribbean region, even in areas of Southeast Asia. Congress emphasized, America not the slightest ambition to annex the conquered territory. Nevertheless, the government Mc Kinley could not resist the temptation. America finally claims sovereignty over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. In the near future in the Philippines, burst people's resistance to fight for independence. And the Americans have to face prolonged guerrilla warfare and brutal.

Imagine, such a brutal war originally was named as the Splendid little war. Where it comes from the idea that war is so cruel and eat a lot of casualties, only regarded as beautiful and fun game? This may not quite be explained only from political reasons, business or military. Are there cultural factors that affect the sedimentation of the idea of a cruel war into a war like fun? Factors may exist, at least if people watched it in the world of American film.

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'Jewel of Asia'

'Jewel of Asia'

 Bloody coup in Indonesia is a result of the intention of U.S. imperialism to gain absolute control over natural wealth and strategic resources of the archipelago, often called the 'Jewel That Asia.
Importance of Indonesia for U.S. imperialism emphasized by U.S. President Eisenhower in 1953, when he told a governors' conference states that the financing by the U.S. to the French colonial war in Vietnam is very imperative and is the "cheapest way" to keep control of Indonesia.

Eisenhower explained: "Now let us assume we lose Indochina. If Indochina goes, several things happen right away. Malay peninsula, the last surviving piece of land there, it will become harder to maintain. Tin and tungsten we so greatly value from that area would stopped coming, and all India would be outflanked.
"Burma would be in a position that can be sustained. All positions around there will be a very ominous to the United States, because in the end if we lost it all, how can the free world would maintain a rich empire of Indonesia?

"So, somewhere, this must be blocked and must be blocked now, and this is what we earn.

"So when the U.S. decided to donate 400 million dollars to help the war in Indochina, we are not voting a giveaway program. We choose the cheapest way to prevent something that will mean very bad for the United States, security, strength and our ability to acquire goods certain things we need from the riches of Indonesia and Southeast Asia. "
Indonesia has been estimated as the fifth richest country in the world in the field of natural resources. Apart from being an oil producer's fifth-largest, Indonesia has reserves of tin, bauxite, coal, gold, silver, diamonds, manganese, phosphorus, nickel, copper, rubber, coffee, palm oil, tobacco, sugar, coconut, herbs herbs, wood and quinine is very large.

In the year 1939, which at that time still called the Dutch East Indies supplied more than half the total consumption of raw materials that are important to the United States. Power over this important area is an important issue in US-Japanese war in the Pacific. In the period after the war the U.S. ruling class determined to not lose the riches of this country into the hands of the Indonesian people.
After the French defeat in Vietnam in 1954, the U.S. became concerned that the Vietnamese people's struggle would ignite revolutionary upheaval in the entire Southeast Asian region, threatening their control over Indonesia.

In 1965, just before the coup in Indonesia, Richard Nixon, soon to become U.S. president, calling for saturation bombing to protect the "great mineral potential" of Indonesia. Two years after that, he said that Indonesia is "the greatest gift of Southeast Asia."
After the coup in 1965, the utility of the Suharto dictatorship for the benefit of U.S. imperialism has been underlined in a U.S. State Department report to Congress in 1975, which referred to Indonesia as a "location of the most strategically authoritative in the world":

* "It has the largest population in the whole Southeast Asia.
* "It is a major supplier of raw materials in the area.
* "The prosperity of the growing Japanese economy, highly dependent on petroleum and other raw materials supplied by Indonesia.
* "Existing American investments in Indonesia are substantial, and our trade relationship is growing rapidly.
* "Indonesia will probably become an increasingly important supplier to U.S. energy needs.
* "Indonesia is an OPEC member, but it took a moderate stance in her footsteps, and did not participate in the oil embargo.
* "The Indonesian archipelago sits on the sea lanes and the Indonesian government plays a strategically vital role in maritime law negotiations, which is essential for our security and commercial interests."

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HISTORY OF POLITICAL SYSTEM INDONESIA

Course materials Indonesian Political System

 By Uwes Fatoni, M. Ag

History Political System of Indonesia can be seen from the political process that happens in it. However, in the parse is not enough just to see the history of Indonesian people but needed to be more effective system of analysis. In the political process in which there is usually a functional interaction of the rotating flow process to maintain its existence. The political system is an open system, because this system is surrounded by an environment of challenge and pressure.

In analyzing the system can approach it as one point of view of the party system, but neither can be seen from the traditional approach by making projections of history which was just a quick photo shoot. The approach should be done with the integrative approach is a systems approach, perpetrator instigation purpose and decision making

The political process should indicate the capability of the system. Capabilities of the system is the system's ability to face reality and challenges. This view of success in facing these challenges differ among political experts. Political experts and the classical era, such as Plato and Aristotle, followed by the liberal theorist of the 18th century and 19 to see the political achievements diurnal morally. While in modern times is now a political expert to see the level of achievement (performance level) is how much influence the environment in society, the environment outside of the international community and the environment.

This influence will bring political change. The perpetrators of political change can be from the political elite, or from groups and political infrastructure of the international environment.

These changes in scale and content in the form of input and output streams. Proes converting input into output by a goalkeeper (gatekeepers).

There are five capabilities that became a political system of performance appraisal:

1. Extractive capabilities, the ability of natural resources and human resources. SDA capability usually is still potential to later be used optimally by the government. Like the management of petroleum, mining when it comes domestic investors that will provide revenue for the government in the form of taxes. Tax is then turn on the country.

2. Distributive capabilities. SDA owned by the community and the country is processed in such a way as to be evenly distributed, such as staple foods that are required to be equitable distribution throughout the community. Similarly, state income taxes as it should be re-distributed from the central government to local governments.

3. Regulative capabilities (setting). In Have Show supervisory behavior of individuals and groups of settings is required. Regulation of individuals often results in conflict of opinion. Like when the government tightened regulations require it later, this has resulted in unbridled community involvement.

4. symbolic capabilities, meaning that government's ability to be creative and selective in making policies that will be received by the people. The more acceptable government policy that made the better capability of symbolic systems.

5. responsive capability, in the political process there is a relationship between input and output, the output of the extent to which government policy is influenced by the input or the existence of community participation as its inputs will be the size of the responsive capability.

6. domestic and international capabilities. A country can not live alone in a globalized world today, even now many countries that have extractive capabilities of international trade. Minimal in this international capability, rich or powerful country (superpower) provides grants (grants) and loans (loans) to developing countries.

There is one more approach is needed in view of the political process approach to development, which consists of two things:

a. Political development of community mobilization, participation, or the middle. Style aggregation of interests of this community can offer pragmatic dilakukans ecara as used in the U.S. or the pursuit of absolute value as in the Soviet Union or traditionalist.

b. Government's political development in the form of political stability

POLITICAL PROCESS IN INDONESIA

History of Indonesia's political system is viewed from the political process can be seen from the following periods:

- Pre-colonial period

- Early Colonial (colonial)

- The Liberal Democracy

- The period of "Guided Democracy

- The Five Principles of Democracy

- The Reformation

Each period is then systematically analyzed from the aspect:

· Delivery charges

· Maintenance of value

· Capability

· Vertical Integration

· Horizontal Integration

· Political force

· Leadership

· Mass participation

· Military involvement

· State officials

· Stability

When you described back then the analysis is obtained as follows:

1. Pre-colonial period (the Kingdom)

· Channeling demands - low and fulfilled

· Maintenance of value - in line with the ruler or the winner of the battle

· Capability - SDA overflow

· Vertical integration - top down

· Horizontal integration - seems only other royal rulers

· Political force - the kingdom

· Leadership - kings, princes and royal families

· Mass participation - very low

· Military involvement - is very powerful because it relates to war

· State officials - loyal to the monarchy and the king who ruled

· Stability - secure and stable instability the days the days of war

2. Colonial period (colonial)

· Channeling demands - low and unfulfilled

Maintenance · value - often there is a violation of ham

· Capability - abundant but dredged for imperialist interests

· Vertical integration - the bottom is not in harmony

· Horizontal integration - in harmony with fellow colonial or indigenous elites

· Political style - colonial, bamboo divisive politics (divisive)

· Leadership - from the colonial and indigenous elites who manipulated

· Mass participation - very low or even zero

· Military involvement - very big

· State officials - loyal to the occupiers

· Stability - stable but fragile condition

3. The period of Liberal Democracy

· Channeling demand - high but not yet memadani system

Maintenance · value - high human rights award

· Capability - is only partially used, most are still potential

· Vertical integration - in both directions, top down and bottom up

· Horizontal integration-disintegration, appears solidarity makers and administrators

· Political force - the ideological

· Leadership - force oath of youth in 1928

· Mass participation - is very high, and even appeared coup

· Military involvement - the military controlled by civilian

· State apparatus - loyak to group or party interests

· Stability - instability

4. Guided Democracy period

· Channeling demand - high but not because of the Front nas channeled

Maintenance · values - Respect for human rights low

· Capability - abstract, distributive and symbolic, not economic advance

· Vertical integration - top down

· Horizontal Integration - a role solidarity makers,

· Political force - ideologue, Nasakom

· Leadership - charismatic and paternalistic figures

· Mass participation - limited

· Military involvement - the military into governance

· State officials - loyal to the country

· Stability - stable

5. The period of Pancasila Democracy

· Channeling demand - initially balanced then not fulfilled because the fusion

Maintenance · values - human rights violations occurred but there was recognition of human rights

· Capability - open system

· Vertical integration - top down

· Horizontal Integration - visible

· Political force - intellectual, pragmatic, concept development

· Leadership - technocrats and the Armed Forces

· Mass participation - limited free initially, then more limited

· Military involvement - is rampant with the concept of dual function of ABRI

· State officials - loyal to the government (Golkar)

· Stability stable

6. Reform Period

· Channeling demands - and met high

Maintenance · values - Respect for human rights high

· Capability-adjusted to regional autonomy

· Vertical integration - in both directions, top down and bottom up

· Horizontal Integration - visible, appearing freedom (euphoria)

· Political style - pragmatic

· Leadership - civil, purnawiranan, politicians

· Mass participation - high

· Military involvement - restricted

· State officials - should be loyal to the country not the government

· Stability - instabil
Dated March 28, 2006

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