NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

National education system is managed through the National Education Act No. 2 years old in 1989 is one integrated whole of all the units and educational activities related to one another to pursue the achievement of national education goals. Implementation of the national education system conducted in the universe, comprehensive, and integrated. Universe means open to all people and is valid throughout the territory of Indonesia; comprehensive means covers all lines, levels and types of education; integrated means that there are linkages between the national education and all national development efforts.
At first glance the National Education Act No. 2 Year 1989 contains the following explanation:
• general provisions of the contents of the Law
• the basic functions, and national education goals
• the right of citizens to acquire education
• education unit
• education point
• types of education
• education
• Learners
• educators
• educational resources
• curriculum
• learning days and holidays
• language of instruction
• assessment
• community participation in national education
• consideration of national education bodies
• managing the national education system
• supervision
Opportunity to acquire education is given to every citizen without distinction of sex, religion, ethnicity, race, social background and level of economic capacity, except for the special education unit. For example, the educational unit on the basis of female education is justified to accept only women only. Another example, the educational unit that held a particular religious education is justified to accept only the religion concerned.
Education is available and can be obtained by any person to be in the path or the path of school education outside of school education. Levels of education are included in the path of school education is basic education, secondary education and higher education. In addition it could also held Pre school education. At the point of school education there are also various types of education .
Statistics on the number of schools, students, and educators by level of education listed in the table 17 In order for the level and quality of life of the nation and the development of national culture can be improved in a sustainable manner, the available education must comply with the demands of developments in science and technology. For these purposes there is a special agency in charge  give consideration to the Education Minister about whether there is any change, repair, and improvement of national education.

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HIGHER EDUCATION STRUCTURE

Forms of Higher Education
Higher education is a unit that held higher education and may take the form colleges, polytechnics, colleges, institutes, or universities.
Academy conducts programs of professional education in one branch or part of the branches of science, technology, or a particular art.
Polytechnic conducts programs of professional education in a number of areas of specialist knowledge.
High school academic programs and / or professionals within the scope of one particular discipline.
Institute conducts programs of academic education and / or disciplinary group of professionals in science, technology, and / or similar arts.
University academic programs and / or professionals in several disciplines of science, technology, and / or certain art.
 
Education Line
The structure of higher education in Indonesia consists of two lines of education, ie academic education and professional education.
Academic education is higher education that is directed primarily at the mastery of science and its development, and more priority to improving the quality and broaden knowledge.
Academic education organized by high schools, institutes, and universities.
Professional education is higher education that is directed primarily at the readiness of the application of certain skills, and give priority to improving the ability / skill, or emphasizing work on the application of science and technology. Professional education was organized by colleges, polytechnics, colleges, institutes, and universities.
Academic education to produce graduates who obtain academic degrees and are maintained through the course Bachelor (S1-Strata1) or postgraduate programs. These graduate programs include Master's and doctoral programs (S2 and S3).
Education professional path to produce graduates who obtained a professional designation that is administered through a diploma program (D1, D2, D3, D4) or Specialist (SP1, SP2).
The educational program is a program of undergraduate and diploma-prepared for students to become graduates armed with a set of abilities needed to initiate functions on the work environment, without having to go through an adjustment period is too long.
S2 postgraduate education program (masters), S3 (Doctorate), and Specialist (SP1, SP2) is a special program prepared for the activity that is independent. Education S2 and S3 more emphasis on research based on innovation activities, research and development, education specialists, while intended to improve services for service users in a specific field.

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CONDITION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA

Law no. 2 year 1989 on National Education System states that colleges can take the form Academies, Polytechnics, Colleges, Institutes, or Universities. Higher education can be organized by the Government, in this case the Ministry of Education and Culture (State University-PTN), department or other government agencies (Higher Education for official-PTK), or by the community (Private Higher Education-PTN).
Across Indonesia there are currently 77 universities in the Department of Education held, consisting of two Academy, 26 Polytechnics, 4 High School, 10 Teachers' Training College, 4 Institut, and 31 Universities. PTN is to accommodate 77 475 988 students (school year 1996/1997).
Universities conducted by the community (PTS) accounted for 1293, consisting of 407 Academies, Polytechnics 9, 571 High School, 44 Institute, and University 262. Number of students for the academic year 1996/1997 PTS recorded 1,448,775 persons.
Of the total number of students registered in 1996/1997 as many as 1,924,763 people, it seems that the capacity of private universities (75.27%) had three times the capacity of higher education organized by the government (24.73%). This suggests that the role of civil society / private sector in higher education should be highly considered. Moreover, the ability to accommodate growth of private universities is also high. During the last decade (1986-1996) an increase in the number of PTS nearly two-fold, ie 665 in 1986 to PTS 1293 PTS in 1996.


Growth of Private Higher Education 1986-1996
ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL YEAR POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY TOTAL
1986 225 0 208 39 163 665
1987 267 0 251 42 184 744
1988 260 0 271 43 191 765
1989 276 0 318 50 207 851
1990 290 2 350 51 221 914
1991 294 2 373 51 232 952
1992 337 5394 51 240 1027
1993 375 9445 50 243 1122
1994 380 8475 48 248 1159
1995 396 8526 47 251 1228
1996 407 9571 44 262 1293
Source: Directory of Indonesian Private Higher Education 1996/1997

Number of Private Colleges According to Form
Kopertis ACADEMY HIGH SCHOOL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY TOTAL
I 24 0 61 3 27 115
II 22 0 37 0 13 72
III 84 2 79 7 37 209
IV 42 3 85 3 22 155
V 38 0 18 6 14 76
VI 57 4 18 3 21 103
VII 34 0 98 15 60 207
VIII 12 0 22 3 20 57
IX 23 0 75 2 22 122
X 32 0 34 1 9 76
XI 28 0 30 1 141 73
XII 11 0 14 0 3 28
Number 407 9571 44 262 1293
Source: Directory of Indonesian Private Higher Education 1996/1997

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HISTORY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDONESIA

Universities and colleges which today has reached a steady state and complete the form as a university, with the pillars of academic freedom and freedom of the pulpit of academic, scientific and management autonomy, already has a very long history. Embryo has emerged in Europe since about 400 years BC, started by the philosopher Plato with Academosnya Park in the days of ancient Greece. So have more than 2000 years.
In Indonesia, this history has not been too long. When the University of Gajah Mada (UGM, standing on December 19, 1949) in Yogyakarta and Universitas Indonesia (UI, stood February 2, 1950) in Jakarta is considered as the oldest college, then this record was only tens of years, although the embryo UI has been around since STOVIA ( School Tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen) in Batavia in the 1900s.
Year 1870, the Dutch government imposed the so-called Ethical Policy in the Netherlands Indies, which is a change in the Dutch attitude towards its colonies because they felt indebted to the earth's son who has led the Netherlands to develop and become prosperous. This is driven by the liberal idea that struck Europe with the motto liberty, egality, and fraternity are based on humanism.
Educatie program, irigatie, and emigratie intended to increase the participation of the son of the earth (more colonies producing / productive) encourage the emergence of schools that originally only to learn to read, write and calculate. To deal with its modern factories and plantations, the Netherlands felt the need to open a high school that became the forerunner to the development of the faculties in Jakarta.
Starting from the field of health, was established in 1902 STOVIA (School Tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen) which later became NIAS (Nerderlandsch Indische Artsen School) in 1913 and the GHS (Geneeskundige Hoge School) as the embryo of medical school. Then followed by the establishment Rechts School in 1922 and became Rechthoogen School in 1924 as an embryo Faculty of Law University of Indonesia. In Jakarta in 1940 founded Faculteit de Letterenen Wijsbegeste which later became the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy, University of Indonesia.
In Bandung in 1920 founded the Technische Hoge School (THS), which was also used in public universities. Meanwhile in Bogor Landsbouwkundige Faculteit also established in 1941 is now called the Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB).
Two days after the proclamation, dated August 19, 1945, the Indonesian government established the Institute for Higher Education of Indonesia and then encourage the establishment of the University of Indonesia which is basically a combination of faculties that have been there before.
Meanwhile in the struggle against the Dutch who wanted to return to colonize Indonesia, the government of Indonesia in Yogyakarta in cooperation with Yayasan Gajah Mada University Hall on December 19, 1949 also founded the University of Gajah Mada. In the beginning, the Faculty of Law and Literature held at the show and then gradually move to the Wells campus Bulak.
In other words, the founding capital of a university or college in Indonesia is the University of Indonesia in Jakarta and University of Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta. Then from the two universities was developed into five with the presence of Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB-1959), Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB-1963), and the University of Airlangga (Airlangga-1954), each of which stands alone.
For private universities, Universitas Islam Indonesia (UII) in Yogyakarta which was established in 1948 is the first private university and the oldest in Indonesia.

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EDUCATION

Education is essential to ensure progress and continuity of life of the nation. Education is a conscious effort to prepare students through counseling, teaching, and / or training for their role in the future.
Every Indonesian citizen is entitled to education at any stage in his life journey. Education can be obtained either through education, the school and outside school education channels.
Improvement and education is one aspect of development that gets top priority of the Government of Indonesia. National Education System which is now applicable regulated through the National Education Act No.2 of 1989.
Learners
Learners are members of the community who seek to develop themselves through the educational process on track, tiers, and particular types of education.
Each student has a variety of rights, a right given preferential treatment according to their talents, interests, and abilities; rights education program in question on the basis of continuing education, both to develop self-recognition and to obtain a certain educational level has been formalized; right to get help learning facilities, scholarships, or other assistance in accordance with the applicable requirements; rights education unit moved to a level equal or higher in accordance with the admission requirements of students in the educational unit shall be entered; the right to acquire learning outcomes assessment; right to complete the education program earlier than the time specified, and the right to get a special service for those who carry the defect.
In addition, each student has the obligations to share in the cost of education administration (except for students who are exempted from the obligation) to comply with all applicable regulations; to honor educators; to participate in maintaining facilities and infrastructure as well as cleanliness, orderliness and security of the educational unit concerned.
Students in elementary and secondary levels of education called the students, while students in higher education called the student.

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